如何使用形容詞
形容詞是為名詞或代名詞提供質量或數量訊息的詞。形容詞包括很多種，都是用來描述某物的。冠詞也屬於形容詞，因為它們修飾名詞。
- 例句
- He has a cute puppy.
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This movie is my favorite.
形容詞的種類
| 形容詞類別 | 形容詞功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 描述性形容詞 |
描述一個名詞或代名詞 |
We saw a beautiful sunset. |
| 數量形容詞 |
提供名詞或代名詞的數量訊息 |
She brought three bags of chips. |
| 專有形容詞 |
以專有名詞的形容詞形式出現 |
Japanese animations are very popular. |
| 指示形容詞 |
直接指某事或某人 |
This book is well-written. |
| 所有格形容詞 |
表示所有者的事物 |
Did you see my pen? |
| 疑問形容詞 |
表示某個問題 |
Which song is your favorite? |
| 非確定形容詞 |
提供相關名詞的非確定性訊息 |
He found a few crystals in the cave. |
| 複合形容詞 |
將至少兩個詞組合成一個用來修飾名詞的詞彙單元 |
The composite is composed of fine-milled filaments. |
描述性形容詞
描述性形容詞用於描述名詞或代詞。它們提供關於某物的修飾性訊息。
- 例句
- The girl has a doll.
The girl has a pretty doll.
在上例中，“pretty”是一個描述性形容詞。它描述了女孩的洋娃娃。
- 例句
- We used a system to detect the response.
We used an adaptive system to detect the transient response.
描述性形容詞通常表達重要訊息。“A system to detect the response”是語義模糊的，不夠確切。“An adaptive system to detect the transient response”就具體得多，因此表達的訊息更為豐富。
數量形容詞
數量形容詞描述一個名詞的數量。這個數量可以是一個精確的數字。
- 例句
- Bacteria samples were cultivated for the experiment.
Three bacteria samples were cultivated for the experiment.
需要注意的是，數量形容詞也包括“whole”或“complete”等詞。
- 例句
- A voltage drop can cause the instrument to malfunction.
A complete voltage drop can cause the instrument to malfunction.
專有形容詞
專有形容詞就是專有名詞的形容詞形式。專有名詞是特定名稱，通常以大寫字母開頭。民族、語言、機構和學校都屬於專有名詞。
- 例句
- Korean fried chicken is the tastiest.
- 例句
- The admissions officer told me that Harvard classes are rigorous.
- 例句
- Did you pick up the French textbook?
Korean, Harvard和French都是專有名詞。然而，在上述語境中，它們被當作形容詞使用。
指示形容詞
指示形容詞直接指示名詞。
- 例句
- This paper proposes a new algorithm that can detect seismic signals.
- 例句
- Please be careful; those books are very old.
指示形容詞必須位於它所描述的名詞的前面。
- 錯誤
- Star that is the brightest in the sky.
- 正確
- That star is the brightest in the sky.
常用的指示形容詞包括: that, this, those, these
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所有格形容詞
所有格形容詞指示的是擁有或占有某個給定名詞的人。
- 例句
- Our results revealed that a sudden drop in voltage can lead to enhanced performance.
- 例句
- He was reading when his brother called him.
像指示形容詞一樣，所有格形容詞也必須總是位於它所描述的名詞的前面。
- 錯誤
- The results of study their were found to be inaccurate.
- 正確
- The results of their study were found to be inaccurate.
常用的所有格形容詞包括: my, your, his, her, our, their, its
疑問形容詞
疑問形容詞表示疑問句。
- 例句
- Whose textbook is that?
- 例句
- What is the motivation behind this study?
- 例句
- Which sample is the most viable?
疑問形容詞只有以下三個: what, which, whose
非確定形容詞
非確定形容詞描述的是關於名詞的不確定訊息。
- 例句
- While it is possible to argue for some association between the subgroups, no concrete evidence was found.
在上例中，作者沒有給出關於子群體之間關聯的具體數字或數據。
- 例句
- Every sample was tested for contamination reduction.
- 例句
- It was found that most of the subjects were not up to date on their vaccines.
常用的非確定形容詞包括: some, every, each, most, several, many
複合形容詞
複合形容詞通常是描述名詞的複合詞。組成複合形容詞的單詞之間使用連字號連接。
- 例句
- We have developed a long-term solution to transient electromagnetic interference.
- 例句
- The bitter old man was once a naïve, bright-eyed boy.
然而，複合形容詞也可以是單詞的簡單組合，通常用引號括起來。這在學術寫作中不常見，但在口語中很常見。
- 例句
- She had her hair pulled back into her “I could not be bothered to care” bun.
形容詞的程度表示形式
在表示比較的意思時，形容詞的形式會發生變化。比較包括三種程度：原級，比較級，最高級。以形容詞“bright”為例，
- 原級
- He picked up the bright lamp.
- 比較級
- He picked up the brighter lamp.
- 最高級
- He picked up the brightest lamp.
並不是所有形容詞的比較級和最高級都是與原級拼寫形式不同的詞。許多形容詞的比較級和最高級都是通過簡單添加“more”或“most”來構造的。一個典型的例子是“brilliant”這個形容詞。
- 原級
- He is a brilliant student.
- 比較級
- He is a more brilliant student.
- 最高級
- He is the most brilliant student.
在學術寫作中使用形容詞
一般來講，學術寫作應當盡量簡明扼要。這意味著只能在提供必要訊息時才能使用形容詞。使用太多的形容詞會使句子變得冗長難懂。
- 例句
- We developed a three-dimensional model of the protein gloverin.
在上例中，“three-dimensional”是一個複合形容詞，它表達了相關模型的重要訊息。省略這個形容詞會造成重要訊息的丟失。
- 例句
- We developed a highly informative three-dimensional computer model of the antibacterial insect protein gloverin.
這個例子是在上個例子的基礎上增加了形容詞。“Highly informative”和“computer”並沒有提供關於模型的更多訊息，它們只是把句子變得冗長。而“antibacterial”和“insect”這兩個詞則是讓句子冗長得彆扭。實際上，這兩個形容詞所提供的訊息最好是另起一個從句來表達，如下例。
- 例句
- We developed a three-dimensional model of gloverin, an antibacterial insect protein that is isolated from silk moth pupae.