一步步成功掌握簡報Q&A之要領
當您進行研究簡報時，面對觀眾們的問題可能是最困難的部分之一。除了必須面對在學術同儕面前說話的壓力之外，更有許多的原因導致回答問題變得更加困難，例如：溝通上的困難、缺乏相關訊息、無法確切的了解問題的意思、或甚至是無法清楚地聽到提問者所說的話。即使您對於您的研究主題有非常透徹的了解，這些觀眾的提問都可能帶給研究者非常大的挫折感，就算是對於最優秀的研究者也不例外。
但即使如此，也並不代表您無法事先準備Q&A部份，也不代表您無法將此部分進行得更有效率。以下要領提供您一個全面性的方法，來應對研究簡報過程中所遇到的各式提問，另外，我們也提供您一些建議，以幫助您應對艱難的問題及尷尬的場面。
簡報之前
在您進行簡報之前，您可以使用一些基本的策略進行事前的準備，以避免您毫無防備地面對各種提問。
- 準備可能被提問之問題清單
想像您自己是坐在觀眾席的同儕研究者，面對您的研究內容，您可能會提出什麼樣的疑問？將您可能提出的問題按照研究論文的各個部份分門別類 (緒論、研究方法、結果、結論)，並盡可能寫下關於各個部份所有可能被提出的問題，越多越好。
- 將您的問題清單劃分為 (1) 您有辦法回答的問題，以及 (2) 您無法回答、或是不願意回答的問題
在您寫下的問題當中，有些是您很樂意回答的，但有些是您沒有能力回答的，或是您不想要回答的(至少在觀眾面前不願意回答)。將您列出的問題分成這幾個類別，您便可以清楚的知道，當面對各種問題時，您所可以採取的對應方法。
- 大聲的練習各種問題的提問方式及對應方式
檢閱每個您列出的問題，並試著用不同的方式來提問，就算是同一個問題，也可能有各式各樣的提問方式。接下來，根據您對於研究主題所擁有的知識，以及我們下列要領中所提供的範例句子，您可以試著練習回答問題。Practice makes perfect!
進行Q&A 的步驟
Step 1: 開始Q&A時間—告訴您的觀眾您將要開始Q&A時間
Presenter: “I will now answer any questions you have about this research. Please speak slowly and clearly.”
Step 2: 闡明問題—在您回答問題之前，您應該確保您了解問題的意思。以下是在不同情境下有助於您闡明問題的各種用語。
| 情境 | 如何闡明 |
| You didn’t hear the question | “Sorry, I didn’t catch all of that.”“Could you repeat your question, please?” |
| You don’t understand the overall question | “I’m afraid I don’t understand.”“Could you please rephrase the question?” |
| You aren’t sure about the details of the question | “I don’t quite understand…”“Are you asking about (the 1995 study)?”“Are you referring to (the peptides discussed in Figure 2.3)?”“Do you mean (the patients in the placebo group) ?”“Could you be more specific?” |
| You still can’t understand the question even after repeating | “I’m sorry. I still don’t understand your question.”“Could I come back to you later?”“Could you please talk to me after the session?” |
Step 3: 回答問題—當您了解問題的意思之後，您便可以開始回答觀眾的問題。
3a. 以禮貌性的評論開啟您的回答—當您回答問題之前，建議您可以先感謝觀眾的提問，或者是稱讚他們的提問。
| 對提問觀眾的禮貌性評論 |
| “That’s a great question. Thank you for asking.” |
| “I appreciate your question and am happy to answer it.” |
| “What a thoughtful question! I’m glad you asked.” |
| “What an interesting question! I’ll do my best to answer.” |
3b. 提供合適的答案—每個問題都是特殊的，並且有各種回答的方式。根據您回答問題的能力，以下提供您面對不同情境時所可以使用的各種用語。
Response Type A: 當您無法回答或者是不願意回答問題時
若您沒有能力回答問題，或是不願意回答問題時，您可以利用下列的用語來表達。
| 情境 | 應對方法 |
| You don’t know the answer to the question | “I’m sorry. I’m afraid I don’t know the answer to that question.”“I will look into that and follow up with you.”“I can’t answer now, but I will try to find out more about this.” |
| You don’t want to answer the question publicly | “I’m sorry–could we discuss this issue after the session?”“I’d rather discuss this issue privately please.” |
| You don’t have enough information to answer | “We aren’t aware of any details at this time.”“We don’t have information about this yet.” |
| You have to await further research | “We are awaiting further research on this issue.”“We need to do more studies to answer this.” |
Response Type A 範例: 以下為研究相關問題及對應方式的真實範例
| 情境 | 問題範例 | 回應方式 |
| You don’t know the answer to the question | “What about the data collected between 1994 and 1997?” | “I’m sorry. I’m afraid I don’t know the answer to that question.” |
| You don’t want to answer the question publicly | “When is the latest version of this study going to be published?” | “I’d rather discuss this issue privately, please.” |
| You don’t have enough information yet | “What are the findings of other state hospitals on this issue?” | “We don’t have information about this yet.”“We are awaiting further research on this.” |
Response Type B: 您有辦法回答問題，但需要一點時間或是更多的詳細資訊。
有時您會需要進一步的釐清問題，或者是您在回答之前需要一點時間。下列提供您在各種情境之下適當的對應方法，以便讓您的觀眾了解您的需求。
| 情境 | 回應方式 |
| You have to think about the question | [*Repeat the whole question or part of it]“Please give me a moment to think about this question.”“Just one moment—I need to consider my answer.” |
| You need more details about this question | “Just so I understand…”“Are you referring to (the methods of analysis or to the experiment)?“Do you mean (the Smith study from 2014)?“What information are you referring to exactly?” |
Response Type B:以下為研究相關問題及對應方式的真實範例
| 情境 | 問題範例 | 回應方式 |
| You have to think about the question | “Were all sample groups in the study in the same cohort?” | “In the same cohort? Please give me a moment to think about this question.” |
| You need more details about this question | “What about the data collected between 1994 and 1997?” | “The data collected between 1994 and 1997? Which data are you referring to exactly?” |
研究報告不同部份的Q&A問題
您除了可能需要回答有關於研究整體的相關問題，根據研究報告的不同部份，提問者可能的問題也不同，下列提供您各個論文部份您可能會遇到的問題範例，及建議的回應方式。
研究方法相關問題
| 問題/評論 | 回應方式 |
| “Have you used this approach?” | “No, but thank you for your input. We will look into this.”“We considered this approach. But there were some problems.” |
| “Why did you use this method of analysis?” | “There were several reasons for this. First…”“We found several other methods to be problematic.”“We have explained our rational fully in the paper.” |
| “What limitations to the study did you identity?” | “We didn’t identify any specific limitations.”“We did identify a couple of limitations. These include…” |
研究結果/研究Implication相關問題
| Question/Comment | Possible Responses |
| “Could you elaborate on the results of X?” | “Yes. What results would you like to know about?”“I’m afraid I can’t say more about the findings now.” |
| “What are the implications of these findings?” | “Most importantly, these findings imply that…”“There are several implications here. First…”“I’m afraid I can’t say more about the implications now.” |
| “Could this study impact any other related areas of research?” | “These results might impact areas of (medicine/patient care/administration, etc.).”“We need more information to answer this question.”“Our conclusions are limited to this area of research.” |
重新檢閱簡報特定部份或引用相關圖表
當您回答問題時，您可以重新檢閱簡報的附註，或是利用圖表來輔助。
| Situation | Example Questions | How to Respond |
| Reviewing a part of your presentation | “Could you repeat what methods of analysis you used?” | “As I mentioned earlier…”“Let’s look at this slide again…”“Yes. Looking at slide 34…” |
| Referencing a visual aid | “Are the data in Figure 4 representative of all sample groups?”“What is being measured in Table 2.2?” | “Let’s take a look at this figure again.”“As you can see in this chart/graph/figure…”“Let me explain this figure again.” |
成功掌握 Q&A 要領的整體技巧
當您在練習Q&A的回應方法時，請注意一併準備您的態度、手勢和聲音。下列提供您一些簡單的技巧來幫助您更順利的進行簡報。
- Stand up straight and tall—這能使您在公開場合中更有自信的說話。
- Be friendly and warm—保持微笑並有禮貌地回答問題，能讓您在Q&A過程中更加放鬆。
- Delay your answers and take your time—放慢說話速度，不要急著回答每個問題，確保您在回答問題之前，已清楚地了解每個問題的意思。
- Display a slide with your contact information—這有助於讓觀眾們得知，若未來有更多相關問題時，該如何聯繫您。
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其他資源
- 9 Tips for Handling Q&A Sessions (Inc)
- Tips for Handling Q&A Sessions (USM Writing Center)
- How to Create a Research Presentation (UCSM McNair Scholars)
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