英文寫作容易出錯的20個典型問題

研究人員在掌握了初步的英文寫作技巧后，基本能夠寫出句子結構清晰、語法正確的論文。 但是，對比英文母語語言編輯修改後的文稿，有時仍然感覺英文用詞欠佳或不夠地道流暢。 想要解決這些問題，就必須從高級寫作技巧上系統地總結問題出現的原因和糾正措施。

錯誤1：直翻的中式英文

這類直譯問題造成語句生硬、用詞囉嗦，或者不符合英文表達習慣。
例句1：在台灣，一些教育機構打著顛覆傳統教育的標語從事線上教育。
不自然：In Taiwan, some education enterprises conducted online education with a slogan of overturning traditional education.
較道地：In Taiwan, some education enterprises described their work as overturning traditional education and conducted online education.

例句2：相比於設備甲，我更相信裝置乙。
不自然：I believe  device A  more than  device B.
較道地：I believe  device A  would be more effective than  device B.

例句3：隨著時光流逝，這些企業從市場上消失了。
不自然：These enterprises faded away from the market as time went by.
較道地：Over time, these enterprises faded away from the market.

例句4：從台灣教育部的統計資料可以看出，截止到2016年，中小學網路覆蓋率達到87%。
不自然：We have seen statistics from the Ministry of Education of Taiwan showing that the Internet access rate of elementary and high schools in  China had reached 87% by 2016.
較道地：Statistics from the Ministry of Education of Taiwan have shown that, by 2016, the Internet access rate of elementary and high schools in China had reached 87%.

例句5：看到這些成就，我逐漸堅定了職業方向，希望能為機械工程領域做出貢獻。
不自然：I have observed these achievements, and I have gradually decided my directions of career development in order to make good contributions to the field of mechanical engineering.
較道地：I have observed these achievements, which inspired me to direct my career development to contribute positively to the field of mechanical engineering.

例句6：由於他們片面理解「技術」概念，導致失敗。
不自然：They failed due to their partial understanding of the “technology” concept.
較道地：They failed due to their partial understanding of the role of technology.

例句7：這些技術不論軟硬都是有用的。
錯誤：These technologies, regardless soft or hard, are useful.
正確：These technologies, whether soft or hard, are useful.

錯誤2：語言囉嗦

這類問題造成用詞偏多，篇幅過長。 糾正這類問題時，不僅需要把”inorder to”簡化為”to”，而且需要從用詞結構上予以簡化。 學術寫作應當力求簡潔精鍊。

不自然：This experience was the motivation for me to pursue study in mechanical engineering.
較道地：This experience motivated me to pursue study in mechanical engineering.

不自然：This is an important stage  during the growth of children.
較道地：This is an important stage in children’s growth.

不自然：There are powerful voices to call for  changes in systems engineering.
較道地：P owerful voices are calling for changes in systems engineering.

錯誤3：主詞和受詞的語序顛倒

這類問題的原因是寫法不符合英文表達習慣。
不自然：Changing people’s perception of the nature of systems engineering is the key to the success of making positive changes in system science.
較道地：The key to making positive changes in system science is transforming the perception of the  nature of systems engineering.

錯誤4：對於以”Only”開頭的強調式狀詞，未將動詞反置在主詞前面

這類問題涉及以”Only after”、”Only if”、”Only in this way”等開頭的句子。
錯誤：Only by changing the work condition, it is possible  for them to finish the project.
正確：Only by changing the work condition, is it possible  for them to finish the project.

錯誤5：沒有適時強調否定式

不強調否定：The performance or the durability of the engine has not been changed.
強調否定：Neither the performance nor the durability  of the engine has been changed.

錯誤6：表達原因的寫法不符合英文習慣

不自然：I thought the reason was that I was not fluent in German.
較道地：I thought this was because I was not fluent in German.

不自然：The reason for the engineers to choose this software was that they wanted fast computation.
較道地：The engineers have chosen this software because they wanted fast computation.

錯誤7：沒有前置狀詞片語

經常提倡的所謂狀語後置原則是為了突出主語。 但是，在安排狀詞片語的位置時，不應當犧牲修飾關係清晰性、語意連續性、特意強調性。

修飾關係清晰性不自然：Some education enterprises described their work as overturning traditional education  and conducted online education  in Taiwan.
修飾關係清晰性較道地：In Taiwan, some education enterprises described their work as overturning traditional education and conducted online education.

語意連續性不自然：I received support from my parents when I was young  in learning math.
語意連續性較道地：When I was young, my parents  supported me in learning math.

特意強調性不自然：I studied in Shanghai in mechanical engineering  during my four years of undergraduate study.
特意強調性較道地：D uring my four years of undergraduate study, I studied in Shanghai in mechanical engineering.

錯誤8：未將帶有「with」和動名詞的狀語短語變成動詞從句，不符合英文表達習慣

不自然：His effort will be rewarded with his careful plan and persistent pursuing.
較道地：His effort will be rewarded as he pursues his  careful plan with persistence.

錯誤9：在表達使用措施的”with”、”by”、”using”之間有混淆

不自然：The  gas  temperature was measured with the thermocouple.
較道地：The  gas  temperature was measured  using  the thermocouple.

不自然：The  oxygen  concentration was measured by using  an oxygen sensor.
較道地 ：The  oxygen  concentration was measured using  an oxygen sensor.

錯誤10：忽略必須使用的從句及其時態

錯誤：I found that there were numerous tools originated from modern technology.
正確：I found that there were numerous tools that had originated from modern technology.

不自然：There are great differences between the children receiving quality-oriented education and the children receiving exam-oriented education.
較道地：There are great differences between children who receive quality-oriented education and those who receive exam-oriented education.

錯誤11：誤用被動語態，不符合英文表達習慣

不自然：Some technologies are easy to be mastered and  implemented by these companies.
較道地：Some technologies are easy for these companies to master and implement.

錯誤12：多餘的介系詞

錯誤：The analysis focus was on passing inspection.
正確：The analysis focus was passing inspection.

錯誤：The temperature is at 100 °C.
正確：The temperature is 100 C.°

錯誤13：缺少介系詞

錯誤：The reduction  in thermal  efficiency caused by  friction  can be compensated by  reducing heat transfer losses.
正確：The reduction  in thermal  efficiency caused by  friction  can be compensated for by  reducing heat transfer losses.

錯誤：I  searched  solutions.
正確：I  searched for  solutions.

錯誤14：搭配錯誤的介系詞

錯誤：They developed the product with joint efforts of external teams.
正確：They developed the product in a joint effort with external teams.

錯誤：I was admitted to the Ph.D. program of Chemistry  in  Washington University in 2012.
正確：In 2012， I was admitted to the Ph.D. program in Chemistry  at Washington University.

錯誤：He  providedan  answer for this question.
正確：He  provided  answer to this question.

不自然：The temperature drop  leads  to the reduction  of  thermal  efficiency.
較道地：The temperature drop  leads  to the reduction in  thermal  efficiency.

錯誤15：混淆或缺少不定冠詞”a「或」an「與定冠詞」the」

錯誤：The maximum efficiency was  80%，obtained with  the  inlet  gas velocity  of  12  m/s.
正確：The maximum efficiency was  80%，obtained with an inlet  gas velocity  of  12  m/s.

錯誤16：用錯單數和複數

錯誤：At a temperature above 300 °C， the  thermal  efficiency decreased slightly.
正確：At temperatures  above 300 °C， the  thermal  efficiency decreased slightly.

錯誤17：漏用撇號所有格形式

雖然名詞能夠修飾名詞，但在很多情況下，使用帶撇號的所有格形式能將修飾關係表達得更清晰。
不自然：The measurement point  A  was at the dust collector  inlet.
較道地：The measurement point  A  was at the dust collector’sinlet.

錯誤18：書名未使用斜體，或誤用引號或中文書名號

錯誤：I read  the books of  “Principles of Vibration”  and《Fluid Mechanics》.
正確：I read  Principles of Vibration  and  Fluid Mechanics.

錯誤19：論文或文章的標題未加引號，或誤用斜體

錯誤：I wrote a thesis titled  Engine Performance  Analysis at  High-Altitude  Conditions.
正確：I  wrote a thesis titled “Engine  Performance  Analysis at  High-Altitude  Conditions”.

錯誤20：使用口語化的非正式用詞

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